Elisa Hedman
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Welfare frameworks and the five domains, applied to breeding
How the recognized welfare frameworks — the Five Freedoms and the 2020 Five Domains model — actually apply to breeding dogs and their puppies, and what the evidence says about where breeding puts welfare at risk. An evidence summary.
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The heat cycle and reproductive hormones
The four stages of the canine heat cycle and the hormones behind them — proestrus through anestrus — and why the LH surge, not visible signs of heat, is the key timing reference point.
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Veterinary care and medication for puppies
A puppy is not a scaled-down dog where medication is concerned. Dosing by weight, why human painkillers are never an option, and how to make a veterinary call useful.
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Growth and body condition in puppies
How to track puppy growth from three to eight weeks, use body condition scoring alongside weight, and spot a puppy falling behind.
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Supplemental and tube feeding
When and how to supplement or tube-feed a puppy, safe bottle-feeding technique, and how to wean off supplementation.
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Common illnesses in the growing litter
The skill this article is for is not diagnosis — it is recognizing quickly which of the things a litter throws at you can wait until morning and which cannot.
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Pregnancy: managing the pregnant bitch week by week
A week-by-week guide to managing the pregnant bitch — timeline, monitoring, feeding, health and final whelping preparation.
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Infection control and biosecurity for the litter
Biosecurity for a litter is mostly unglamorous: what arrives on shoes and hands, whether the floor was cleaned before it was disinfected, and who visits during the weeks the puppies are least protected.
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Exercise, environment and daily life during pregnancy
How to adjust a pregnant dog’s exercise and daily routine at each stage — normal activity early on, scaled back from week four or five, minimal in the final three weeks.
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Monitoring and documenting the whelping
What to track during whelping — temperature, timing between puppies, presentation, and discharge — and why good records help your vet act faster.
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